It’s important to know that while there are many benefits to dual citizenship, there are also a number of challenges you might face. In this guide, we’ll run through some of the most common questions people ask about dual citizenship – including how it might affect your entitlement to healthcare and health insurance.

Everything you need to know about duel citizenship

Obtaining dual citizenship can be tricky. You can only become a dual citizen of two countries that both agree to allow you to do this.

However, it’s more common than you might think in an increasingly globalised world – for instance, 1,236,000 people in the UK hold dual citizenship (around 2% of the country, or 1 in 50 people).

If you’re an expat who has been living and working abroad for a while, you may be thinking about applying for dual citizenship. Likewise, you may be thinking about dual citizenship if you’re marrying a foreign citizen, if you’ve had a child abroad, or if you’re purchasing property.

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What is dual citizenship and how does it work?

Dual citizenship, also known as multiple citizenship, dual nationality or second citizenship, is when a person holds the legal status of ‘citizen’ in two or more countries. This means the person is:

• Considered a full citizen under the laws of those countries
• Entitled to all the rights of a citizen in all countries, including the right to hold a passport, the right to work, to own property, to vote and the right to consular support
• Also potentially subject to the obligations of citizenship in those countries, including the obligation to pay taxes or to take part in national service

Dual citizenship has a long and complicated history. The Bancroft Treaties signed by the United States and European countries between 1868 to 1937 made it law that a citizen of one country who settles in another must give up their previous citizenship, so by the mid-20th century it was extremely rare to find countries that allowed dual citizenship.

However, as global travel became easier and as legal challenges against citizenship laws started to mount up, many countries warmed to the concept. In 1948, the British Nationality Act permitted dual citizenship in the UK, followed by the Canadian Citizenship Act of 1976.

The Bancroft Treaties collapsed throughout the 1990s, which made it possible for European countries and the US to follow suit. Even today, countries are still updating their citizenship laws to allow dual citizenship – for instance, Germany only started allowing dual citizenship in June 2024.

That said, not every country allows dual citizenship, and in order to become a dual citizen both countries must allow dual citizenship under their own laws. Around 49% of countries in the world allow dual citizenship. However, there may be certain restrictions and barriers, even within those countries.

Rules and eligibility criteria for dual citizenship can vary significantly between countries. It’s important to do your research and always check the specific laws and requirements of both your current nationality and the country where you’re seeking citizenship.

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Which countries allow dual citizenship?

Many countries allow dual citizenship, although some countries impose restrictions on who can obtain citizenship and which countries they can combine citizenship with.

The following list contains the 71 countries that recognise and allow full, unrestricted dual citizenship with all other countries in most cases.

*Except with South Sudan

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Which countries don’t allow dual citizenship?

Any country not mentioned above will either not allow dual citizenship or considers it a legal grey area (meaning dual citizenship may technically be possible, but could lead to problems).

The countries that explicitly do not allow dual citizenship are:

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How can I obtain dual citizenship?

In order to obtain dual citizenship, you will first need to meet the citizenship criteria of another country. There are a number of channels by which you can become the citizen of a second country, which include:

Dual citizenship by naturalisation

Naturalisation occurs when you are considered eligible to apply, or automatically enrol for citizenship in another country. It means you have ‘naturalised’ into that country’s society and economy and can legally be considered a part of that country.

Naturalisation typically occurs once you have lived in another country for a certain number of years. Most countries will state a minimum number of years that you must live in that country continuously in order to be eligible for citizenship.

Naturalisation is not always an automatic process. Even after residing in a foreign country for some time, you may still need to complete certain tasks in order to be considered for citizenship.

For instance, in the UK, you must:

• Have lived in the UK for five years or more, or have EU settled status
• Pass the Life in the UK test, which tests your knowledge of the history and political structure of the UK
• Pass an English language test
• Be able to prove you are “of good character”
• Submit your biometric information
• Pay the application fee of £1,630

You can then apply for citizenship at the Home Office. If successful, you will undergo a citizenship ceremony which includes swearing an oath of allegiance to the United Kingdom.

Assuming your country of origin and new home country both allow dual citizenship, you will either:

1. Not have to give up your original citizenship in order to become a citizen of your new home country, or
2. Be able to apply for dual citizenship status through either one, or both government channels of those countries

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Dual citizenship by marriage

Some countries will allow you to become a citizen through marriage. In certain countries, marriage grants you automatic citizenship. However, each country is free to determine the eligibility of individuals who marry, and may impose certain restrictions. 

For instance, you may need to reside in your spouse’s country for a certain period of time, or you may need to undergo a citizenship test. Some countries may also strip you of your citizenship if the marriage ends. The rules for each country may be different for men and women, and certain countries may not recognise homosexual marriages as eligible for granting citizenship.

Assuming both your country of origin and new home country allow dual citizenship, and if you fulfil all of the necessary criteria for citizenship, you should be able to enjoy dual citizenship.

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Dual citizenship by ancestry

Countries will determine the right of newborn children to inherit citizenship based on two principles. The first is jus sanguinis, the right of blood; the second is jus soli, the right of soil. Some countries may observe just one principle, while others may observe both:

• Jus sanguinis means that you can be considered a citizen of a country so long as you are ethnically part of, or descended from that country. For instance, if one or both of your parents is a native citizen, or if you are able to prove descent through historic birth records. This means you can apply for citizenship, even if you were born abroad. Countries that observe jus sanguinis include China, India, Japan, South Korea, the US, Canada and most European countries.
• Jus soli means that you will automatically be considered a citizen of the country you were born in. Jus soli may not apply automatically if you were born to non-citizen parents, and you may need to apply later in life after having grown up in that country. Countries that observe jus soli without restriction include Canada, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil and Pakistan.

Some countries may allow retrospective applications for citizenship based on these principles. For instance, if you were born in the UK to Irish parents and have British citizenship, you can apply for dual Irish citizenship. Likewise, if you were born in the UK to Irish parents and given Irish citizenship, you will later be eligible to apply for dual British citizenship.

In any case, you will need to be aware of the exact laws governing birthright citizenship in the country or countries you wish to apply for citizenship for.

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Dual citizenship by property purchase

Some countries offer citizenship to those who purchase property in that country, also known as ‘citizenship by investment’. Countries that are open to this policy include Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Malta, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Türkiye and the UAE (in some cases).

The exact rules will vary by country, and the route to obtaining citizenship through property purchase is not always straightforward. Most countries will also specify a minimum property value that you must complete a purchase on.

For instance, to gain Maltese citizenship through property purchase you must:

• Be over 18
• Hold a valid residence card
• Be in good health
• Purchase a residential property worth at least €600,000 if you have lived in Malta for 36 months, or €750,000 if you have lived in Malta for 12 months
• Hold the property for at least five years
• Donate €10,000 to an organisation approved by the Community Malta Agency

Some countries offer property purchase as a gateway to citizenship. Non-EU citizens can purchase property in Greece, for example, which offers permanent residency and, after seven years, opens the doors for them to become full citizens.

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If I have dual citizenship, which passport should I use?

Obtaining dual citizenship may allow you to visit countries that your previous passport did not allow you to enter, or to visit countries visa-free. So long as at least one of your passports allows you to enter or exit a territory, this is the passport you should use when travelling to that country. You must ensure you use only one passport for the entire duration of each trip, especially if you will be crossing multiple borders.

When entering or exiting a country that you hold a passport in, you must usually use that country’s passport at immigration control. This means you may need to travel with two or more passports. 

For instance, if you have dual US and British citizenship, and you are travelling from the US to the UK, you will need to show your US passport to leave the US, then show your UK passport to enter the UK – but you may need to show proof of your US exit stamp when arriving in the UK.

If you are unsure which passport to use, it’s best to contact the embassy or consulate of the country or countries you will be visiting.

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How does dual citizenship affect my international health insurance?

While we cannot speak for other health insurance providers, as a William Russell member you will find that your dual citizenship offers you an additional level of flexibility.

Ordinarily, we are only able to provide international health insurance if you are living in a foreign country. We’ve emphasised those words because if you are living in a country where you hold citizenship, we would usually not be able to offer you international health insurance.

However, as a dual citizen, we are able to class you as an expat even if you are living in one of the countries you hold citizenship. This is because we will use your other nationality as your main one for insurance purposes.

So, for instance, if you have dual British and French citizenship and are living in France, we can classify you as a British citizen living abroad, rather than as a French citizen living at home.

This may make it easier for you, as you will not need to switch to local health insurance or rely on state healthcare, and can continue to access the benefits of your William Russell insurance policy.

This rule also counts if you already have an international health insurance policy and are applying for dual citizenship in the country you are living. After your dual nationality is granted, we will continue to classify you as a citizen of your original country for insurance purposes.

If you are a dual national and planning to move to a country where you hold citizenship, you should alert us before you move, as we may need to change the main nationality on your policy. Please note this may affect the cost of your premiums and, if you do not inform us, may also affect your ability to make a claim.

If in doubt, speak to our award-winning customer service team today. They’ll be happy to take you through your policy options.

International health insurance, tailor-made for expats

At William Russell, we have over 30 years’ experience providing international health insurance to expats like you. Our flexible policies give you access to the highest-quality healthcare all over the world, with optional extras to suit your needs and medical evacuation insurance included as standard.

Find out more about our international health insurance policies and get a quote online in under two minutes.

The post Dual Citizenship: Everything You Need To Know As An Expat appeared first on William Russell.

These disparities can stem from factors like climate, diet, pollution, and genetics. Lifestyle also plays a significant role in extending lifespans and improving overall well-being. For instance, the Mediterranean diet, rich in fresh produce and healthy fats, is celebrated for its heart health benefits, while Japan’s cultural emphasis on mindfulness and a sense of purpose contributes to its high number of centenarians.

In this article, we explore what makes certain countries stand out for longevity and well-being, highlighting the best places to live a long and healthy life.

What makes a country ideal for long and healthy living?

Longevity is not solely determined by genetics—it’s significantly shaped by the environment and lifestyle choices encouraged by your surroundings. Countries that promote long and healthy lives often share common traits: balanced diets, active lifestyles, strong healthcare systems, and supportive communities.

Access to healthcare is a particularly critical factor. Nations with universal healthcare systems, such as Norway and Sweden, often emphasize preventive care, enabling residents to maintain good health well into old age. Similarly, places with cutting-edge medical technology, like Singapore, provide a safety net for older residents and expats alike.

Cultural habits also influence longevity. For example, the Mediterranean diet, practiced in southern Europe, is rich in nutrients and antioxidants, while Costa Rica’s Nicoya Peninsula highlights the importance of community and outdoor living in fostering a stress-free, healthy lifestyle. These cultural differences can have a profound impact on life expectancy and quality of life as people age.

If you’re considering moving abroad, adapting to local customs and making the most of the country’s health-promoting practices can enhance your well-being. Understanding these factors and securing appropriate international health insurance ensures you’re prepared for any health-related challenges that may arise.

The best countries for living a long and healthy life

Many locations may offer better health outcomes than those you are used to in your native country. To help highlight these healthy hotspots, the team at William Russell has compared life expectancies worldwide for people aged 60, showcasing where you could build a healthier life abroad in your golden years.

We’ve focused on life expectancy at age 60 rather than life expectancy at birth so that we only consider current health outcomes for older people, rather than trying to predict these outcomes in another 60 years.

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We look at the top 10 healthiest countries in the world

Countries with the longest life expectancy and longest healthy life expectancy

Japan has the longest life expectancy and healthy life expectancy at age 60

1/ Japan

Life expectancy at age 60: 26.6 years
Healthy life expectancy at age 60: 20.4 years

Japan has the longest life expectancy of any country in the world for people aged 60, at 26.6 years, meaning the average 60-year-old can expect to reach 86.6 years old.

Additionally, Japan has the highest healthy life expectancy for people aged 60, at 20.4 years, suggesting the average 60-year-old can reach 80.4 years of age in good health.

Japan has an established reputation as one of the world’s healthiest locations, consistently recording some of the highest life expectancies year after year. Many theories exist for why the Japanese live so long and experience such good health, with many attributing this success to the prominence of fish and vegetables in the local diet and a historic lack of unhealthy cooking methods and additives.

2/ South Korea

Life expectancy at age 60: 26.2 years
Healthy life expectancy at age 60: 19.6 years

South Korea recorded the second-highest life expectancy for 60-year-olds, at 26.2 years, with the average person aged 60 expected to reach 86.2 years.

South Korea also recorded the third-highest healthy life expectancy for 60-year-olds, at 19.6 years, meaning they could reach the age of 79.6 in good health before the effects of old age begin to limit their quality of life. 

Like Japan, South Korea is known for its healthy diet, which includes a large amount of fresh fruit and vegetables and fish and poultry. The country also has a subsidised healthcare system that is widely accessible to residents, who, on average, only need to cover 20% of their medical treatments. This system is funded by National Health Insurance contributions, which are 5% for employed individuals and variable for the self-employed, based on their income.

3/ Singapore

Life expectancy at age 60: 26.1 years
Healthy life expectancy at age 60: 20.3 years

Singapore has the third-highest life expectancy for people aged 60, at 26.1 years, meaning they can expect to live to the age of 86.1 years, on average. The country also has the second-best healthy life expectancy for 60-year-olds at 20.3. 

Singapore is a highly developed country in Southeast Asia that has seen a transformation of public health in recent decades due to proactive policymaking efforts. These include high taxes on cigarettes and alcohol, the promotion of active lifestyles and healthy diets, and a focus on providing accessible green spaces to its residents.

Top 10 countries with the longest life expectancy and longest healthy life expectancy

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Countries which struggle with low life expectancy and low healthy life expectancy

South Africa struggles with low life expectancy and low healthy life expectancy at age 60

1/ South Africa

Life expectancy at age 60: 15.3 years
Healthy life expectancy at age 60: 11.3 years

South Africa has the lowest life expectancy for 60-year-olds in our study, at just 15.3 years. This means they could live to just over 75, on average. Meanwhile, the healthy life expectancy for 60-year-olds is just 11.3 years, so their quality of life is expected to decline at 71.3 years old due to the effects of old age.

While South Africa has several highly developed and wealthy areas, the country is home to staggering inequality, causing disparate health outcomes between communities. While the era of apartheid came to an end in the early 1990s, successive governments have not yet managed to extend effective health policy to the wider population, with many people unable to afford the healthcare they need.

2/ Indonesia

Life expectancy at age 60: 15.4 years
Healthy life expectancy at age 60: 11.9 years

Indonesia has the second-lowest life expectancy in our study for 60-year-olds at 15.4 years, with the average person aged 60 expected to reach 75.4 years. The healthy life expectancy at 60 is the third-lowest in our study at 11.9 years, meaning people’s health will start declining when they reach 76.9 years.

For decades, Indonesia has been struggling with very high levels of air pollution. More than 90% of the country’s population lives in cities where the pollution levels exceed the World Health Organization’s guidelines.

3/ India

Life expectancy at age 60: 15.6 years
Healthy life expectancy at age 60: 11.5 years

India has the third lowest life expectancy for 60-year-olds in our study at 15.6 years or 75.6 years in total. The country’s healthy life expectancy at 60 is the second-lowest at 11.5 years, which means the average Indian’s health will begin to deteriorate at 71.5 years old.

India is a vast country with great wealth inequality between the richest and poorest. Disparities in life expectancy not only exist between rich and poor but are reinforced by the country’s ancient caste system, with people in lower-ranked castes often living shorter lives. However, the caste system’s influence may decline as the world becomes more globally connected, and these considerations would be unlikely to impact an expat living in the country.

Top 10 countries with the lowest life expectancy and lowest healthy life expectancy

Countries which saw the biggest increase in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy

South Korea saw the biggest increase in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy since 2011

1/ South Korea

Life expectancy increase: 2.1 years
Healthy life expectancy increase: 1.5 years

South Korea has seen the biggest increase in life expectancy for 60-year-olds over the past decade, increasing by 2.1 years between 2011 and 2021. Healthy life expectancy at 60 has also increased by the largest amount in South Korea, rising by 1.5 years over the same period.

This trajectory indicates that the South Korean culture and healthcare system continue to improve health outcomes for the country’s residents, making it an attractive proposition for prospective expats.

2/ Singapore

Life expectancy increase: 1.8 years
Healthy life expectancy increase: 1.3 years

Singapore saw the second-largest increase in life expectancy at 60 over the last decade, rising by 1.8 years, while healthy life expectancy for 60-year-olds rose by 1.3 years in the same timeframe.

This small, highly developed country has seen a huge increase in GDP per capita in the last few decades, which is rising in tandem with increased living standards and better quality healthcare, all of which translate into a longer life expectancy for residents.

3/ China

Life expectancy increase: 1.6 years
Healthy life expectancy increase: 1.0 years

China saw the third-largest increase in life expectancy from 2011 to 2021, with 60-year-olds predicted to live 1.6 years longer and enjoying 1.0 years more of good health.

Unlike South Korea and Singapore, China does not have one of the best life expectancies in our study, taking 36th place out of 75 countries with a life expectancy at 60 of 21.2 years. With this increase in longevity, China has shown that it is on course to catch up with other more developed countries where life expectancy has stagnated, or even fallen, such as the United Kingdom and the United States.

Qatar also saw an increase in life expectancy of 1.6 years, rising from 77.9 to 79.5. However, while this is an encouraging statistic for people planning to enjoy their later years in this Gulf state, Qatar could not quite match China’s increase in healthy life expectancy.

Top 10 countries that have seen the biggest increase in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy since 2011

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Countries with the biggest 10-year decline in both life expectancy and healthy life expectancy

Mexico saw the biggest 10-year decline in both life expectancy and healthy life expectancy at age 60

1/ Mexico

Life expectancy decrease: -3.3 years
Healthy life expectancy decrease: -2.4 years

Mexico saw the largest drop in life expectancy for 60-year-olds from 2011 to 2021, falling by 3.3 years, while the healthy life expectancy fell by 2.4 years. While Mexico is a popular holiday destination for many, this is usually limited to resort areas that don’t reflect everyday life for most Mexicans. 

Mexico is the 12th largest economy in the world, but despite this, life expectancy at 60 years of age is relatively low at just 18.5 years and is on a downward trajectory. Issues such as increased chronic conditions, very high violent crime and murder rates, and widespread poverty are all factors that could be contributing to the country’s falling lifespans.

2/ United Arab Emirates

Life expectancy decrease: -2.8 years
Healthy life expectancy decrease: -2.0 years

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has recorded the second-largest fall in life expectancy for 60-year-olds, with a decrease of 2.8 years, while also recording the second-largest drop in healthy life expectancy of 2.0 years.

The UAE is the 13th richest country by GDP per capita, home to extremely wealthy cities like Dubai and Abu Dhabi. While the country has excellent healthcare, it is also home to massive wealth inequality, a high cost of living, and high rates of obesity, diabetes and drug abuse, all of which negatively impact life expectancy.

3/ India and Bulgaria

Life expectancy decrease: -2.5 years
Healthy life expectancy decrease: -1.9 years

India saw the third-largest decrease in life expectancy for 60-year-olds, with a drop of 2.5 years. The country’s booming population and overcrowded cities perpetuate wealth inequalities while the high levels of pollution and poverty negatively impact life expectancy.

Bulgaria recorded the third-largest decrease in healthy life expectancy among 60-year-olds of 1.9 years. Bulgaria is one of the poorest countries in Europe and struggles with many unhealthy lifestyle factors, such as high smoking rates, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity and high alcohol consumption, all of which lead to lower healthy life expectancies.

Top 10 countries that have seen the biggest 10-year decline in both life expectancy and healthy life expectancy at age 60

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Which country has the lowest rate of cancer deaths?

Saudi Arabia has the lowest rate of cancer deaths

1/ Saudi Arabia

Cancer deaths per 100,000: 49.34

Saudi Arabia has the lowest rate of cancer deaths in our study, at 49.34 per 100,000 people. Ultra-processed foods are much less common in Saudi Arabia, and traditional cuisine provides a healthy and balanced diet with low levels of additives and preservatives.

Top 10 countries with the lowest rate of cancer deaths

Which country has the lowest death rate from Alzheimer’s and dementia?

Singapore has the lowest death rate from Alzheimer’s and dementia

1/ Singapore

Alzheimer’s and dementia deaths per 100,000: 0.43

Singapore has the lowest death rate from Alzheimer’s and dementia in our study, with 0.43 deaths per 100,000 people. While some of the causes of death for these conditions are genetic, many other factors can make you more susceptible, such as a history of cardiovascular disease, obesity, smoking tobacco, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. 

Top 10 countries with the lowest death rate from Alzheimer’s and dementia

Which country has the lowest rate of deaths from coronary heart disease?

South Korea has the lowest rate of deaths from coronary heart disease

1/ South Korea

Coronary heart disease deaths per 100,000: 27.78

South Korea recorded the lowest rate of coronary heart disease deaths, with 27.78 per 100,000 people. The diet of this East Asian country, with plenty of fruit, vegetables, and healthy protein sources such as fish and seafood, is likely a factor in explaining why this death rate is so low.

Top 10 countries with the lowest rate of deaths from coronary heart disease

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Which country has the lowest rate of diabetes deaths?

Singapore has the lowest rate of diabetes deaths

1/ Singapore

Diabetes deaths per 100,000: 1.28

Singapore recorded the lowest rate of diabetes deaths, with 1.28 per 100,000 people. Diabetes has a wide range of potential causes, from a family history of the condition to being overweight or taking certain medications, such as statins. Singapore has a relatively low obesity rate of 13.97%, which could be a reason why the rate of diabetes deaths is so low.

Which country has the lowest rate of deaths from Parkinson’s disease?

Moldova has the lowest rate of deaths from Parkinson’s disease

1/ Moldova

Parkinson’s disease deaths per 100,000: 0.11

Moldova has the lowest rate of Parkinson’s deaths in our study, with 0.11 per 100,000 people. While the exact causes of Parkinson’s are still being determined, some contributing factors include exposure to harmful chemicals, head trauma, and genetics. Moldova’s low rate of Parkinson’s deaths indicates that whatever the cause, the country is doing something right to prevent this condition from affecting more people.

Top 10 countries with the lowest rate of deaths from Parkinson’s disease

Which country has the lowest death rate from strokes?

The lowest death rate from strokes is seen in Switzerland

1/ Switzerland

Stroke deaths per 100,000: 14.92

Switzerland has the lowest rate of stroke deaths in our study, at 14.92 per 100,000 people. Many factors can increase your risk of stroke, such as high blood pressure, chronic stress, and lack of physical activity. The lack of strokes in Switzerland suggests that local residents lead healthy, active lifestyles without heavy use of alcohol and tobacco.

Top 10 countries with the lowest death rate from strokes

Expat populations are growing around the world

Which countries are seeing the biggest change in expats?

Wherever you go, go with total peace of mind

At William Russell, we have over 30 years’ experience of helping expatriates finding best places in the world to move abroad and settle into their new lives overseas by providing world-class international health insurance. Plus, we produce lots of expert material to help you and your family adapt to life abroad.

Making the move to another country can be challenging. But no matter where you go, you can take one thing off your mind. William Russell offers international health insurance that covers you for everything from minor injuries to long hospital stays, and we can even offer medical evacuations to patients who require treatment in other countries where it’s not available locally.

The post Longevity Locations – The Best Countries For Living A Long And Healthy Life appeared first on William Russell.

Culture shocks aren’t just inconvenient—they can impact everything from workplace dynamics to daily interactions. Being aware of these potential challenges helps expats build stronger connections and adjust more easily to their new surroundings.

We take a look at the most common cultural shocks experience by expats, and how they vary by country.

What are the biggest global culture shocks for expats?

Cultural shocks involving social interactions are the most common with expats

1/ Social interactions

157 total culture shocks

The most prominent cultural shocks relate to social interactions, which can vary massively between countries and even within them. Of the 648 cultural shocks we studied, 157 were related to social interactions. Ireland had the highest number of cultural shocks in this category, where social interactions accounted for almost half of all culture shocks. These include being friendly to strangers and being modest.  

2/ Food and drink

92 total culture shocks

Cultural shocks regarding local food and drink were the second biggest category for those looking to move abroad; there were just under 100. Food delicacies, styles and diets often differ worldwide due to the climate and resulting local produce, so, unsurprisingly, they can shock people. Another aspect is the timing of meals, such as in Spain, where people tend to have a light breakfast and eat later than in the UK.  

3/ Lifestyle

77 total culture shocks

Lifestyle-related cultural shocks are the third highest, with 77 total shocks falling into this category. They are prevalent in European countries, with many occurring in Spain, Switzerland, and Portugal. In Portugal, these include people being less punctual than at home and the afternoon closures of businesses and services. 

The top 12 biggest global culture shocks for expats

All expats will experience culture shock at some point

What is culture shock and how does it affect expats?

What are the biggest culture shocks in the most desirable countries to move to?

We looked at the top ten countries in the world searched by Brits looking to move abroad and then at the cultural shocks experienced by individuals moving to these countries. 

Australia

Aussie food-related cultural shocks are the most common for those moving down under

Australia is the most popular destination for Brits looking to move to a different country, and the most significant cultural shocks people find there are related to Australian food. These include eating kangaroos, seen as cute exotic creatures in the UK rather than a pest or a food source.

Another shock is the wildlife. Australia has massive biodiversity and many more creatures that can be harmful to humans, including black widow spiders, great white sharks, and saltwater crocodiles. 

Spain

Later meal times are a lifestyle cultural shock common to expats in the country

Spain is closer to home than Australia and an attractive option for expats due to the climate, infrastructure, and chilled lifestyle. However, the Spanish lifestyle still comes as a cultural shock to people, especially their tendency to eat late in the day and close businesses in the afternoon.

Social interactions also shock people, especially greeting people with a kiss and being loud in public. 

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Canada

Three separate culture shocks all tie for the most commonly encountered by expats in Canada

There are many attractive reasons to move to Canada, such as the jaw-dropping scenery, the friendly nature of the people, and the modern metropolitan cities.

One thing that often puts people off is the high cost of living there, specifically tax not being included in prices, so you can get an expensive at the checkout. Another cultural shock is just how extreme the climate can be. The record low temperature is -63℃, and the highest recorded is 49.6℃.

USA

America’s variety of food and drink choices is the most significant cultural shock for expats crossing the pond

The biggest shock for those moving to America is food-related, with the vast variety of products on offer in supermarkets and restaurants coming as a surprise for expats.

In addition, the much larger portion sizes are a cultural shock, especially to those with a smaller appetite! Other cultural shocks include advertising, which is far more frequent and less restricted in American media than in the UK. 

New Zealand

Cultural shocks regarding the Indigenous Maori culture and language are the most prominent for expats

In recent years, New Zealand has made a committed effort to support the rights and opportunities of its indigenous Maori population. The Maori People first colonised New Zealand in the 13th century, around half a millennium before Captain Cook became the first European to visit the country. The two cultures now coexist after centuries of conflict, and Maori elements often surprise expats.

Around 20% of the local population are Maori, and their heritage is showcased in the sacred Maori Language and culture. Maori culture is something you can experience and learn more about as a newcomer to the country, as there are many Maori historical and cultural tours, as well as exhibits at museums. 

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Unusual culture shocks

Outside of social interactions and the food in different countries, our research also revealed a few cultural differences that are slightly more unusual than the rest:

Mullets in Australia

Although the mullet has returned to popularity worldwide in recent years, people are still shocked by its prevalence in Australia, especially among young men. It is a widespread trim for an Aussie, helped after being popularised by famous sports stars such as NRL star Ryan Papenhuyzen and top golfer Cameron Smith. 

Outdoor lifestyle in Norway

Norway is located in Northern Europe and has a very cold climate, especially in winter when temperatures are frequently below freezing and there are few sunlight hours. As a result, it is perhaps surprising that Norwegians love the outdoors; rather than cosying up in front of a fire, Norwegians enjoy open-air swimming year-round—sometimes having to smash the ice before jumping in! 

Rules in Switzerland

A cultural shock people encounter when moving to Switzerland is that there are strict rules against some things that are commonplace in Britain. One is crossing the road as a pedestrian without a green light, which is not only frowned upon but illegal and punishable with a fine. 

The same goes for chores on a Sunday, a chilled-out Sunday is sacred to the Swiss, and there are many laws against noise pollution. You’re legally not allowed to mow the grass, do the recycling, clean the car or hang out your washing on the line. Moreover, working on a Sunday is also taboo, with people expected not to have to work after 11pm on a Saturday.  

Every country has its own unique laws around alcohol

We look at alcohol laws and drinking cultures around the world

Cultural shock misconceptions

When moving to another country, people will often research entry requirements, visa terms, and what to expect when they get there. Amongst this research, they’ll most likely stumble across common myths about living in the country. 

The team at William Russell has investigated some of the most prevalent misconceptions posted in online forums and answered the question: which perceived cultural differences in countries aren’t real?

Australian weather is always hot and sunny

Many people move to Australia for the heat, the golden sandy beaches kissed by the sun, and a BBQ outside for Christmas. However, this stereotype is not entirely true. Although Australia sees less rain than most countries, there are often large downpours and flash floods in winter. 

Spaniards take a siesta every day

Spain is the home of the siesta, a snooze in the afternoon before making the most of the evening. However, it is not as commonplace as you might believe, and all Spaniards certainly do not take a siesta every day! 

Every inch of New Zealand is a Lord of the Rings set 

The Lord of the Rings movies are over twenty years old, but are still as popular as ever and a cultural phenomenon. It is common knowledge that the trilogy was filmed entirely in New Zealand, with many real-life locations appearing in the films—but you won’t stumble across one everywhere in the country. 

New Zealand is a lot bigger than people think, and although the landscape is stunning all over, only a tiny percentage of this is featured in the movies. If you are a super fan, there are many tours available to take you around the locations, and you can even visit the Hobbiton set in Matamata.  

It rains constantly in Thailand during the rainy season

The monsoon or rainy season in Thailand is between July and October, a period of tropical storms and extreme downpours. However, the misconception that it rains constantly for months is not true. Instead, this period is characterised by short but intense rainfall that comes on suddenly and inconsistently.

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Wherever you go, go with total peace of mind

At William Russell, we have over 30 years’ experience of helping expatriates finding best places in the world to move abroad and settle into their new lives overseas by providing world-class international health insurance. Plus, we produce lots of expert material to help you and your family adapt to life abroad.

Making the move to another country can be challenging. But no matter where you go, you can take one thing off your mind. William Russell offers international health insurance that covers you for everything from minor injuries to long hospital stays, and we can even offer medical evacuations to patients who require treatment in other countries where it’s not available locally.

The post What Are The Most Common Culture Shocks Experienced By Expats? appeared first on William Russell.

In this article, we’ll explore how attitudes toward family, family values, and traditions differ by looking at examples of family culture around the world.

Family culture in The West

The nuclear family

The nuclear family, typically consisting of two parents and their children, has been the traditional family structure in Western societies since the Industrial Revolution. Before this, extended families, including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins, often lived together or nearby, especially in agrarian societies where family labour was essential.

The Industrial Revolution, beginning in the late 18th century, shifted family dynamics as people moved from rural areas to urban centres for work. This mobility and the need for economic self-sufficiency led to smaller, more immediate family units. 

By the 19th century, the nuclear family was idealised as the cornerstone of Western society. The post-World War II era, especially in the 1950s, further solidified this ideal. In the United States, for example, the image of the sub-urban nuclear family, with a breadwinning father, a homemaking mother, and well-behaved children, became a cultural symbol of prosperity and stability.

In recent decades, family culture in the West has evolved, reflecting broader social changes. While the nuclear family remains a key model, there is increasing acceptance of diverse family structures, including same-sex and single-parent families.

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Attitudes toward marriage and parenting

Western attitudes toward marriage and parenting are often considered to be the most progressive in the world. These attitudes are characterised by a strong emphasis on individual choice, equality, and modernity.

Let’s take a closer look at how these values translate into western marriage and parenting:

Western attitudes to marriage

• Romantic love and personal choice – In the West, marriage is viewed as a partnership based on romantic love and personal choice. Unlike in some cultures where marriages may be arranged or heavily influenced by family and social obligations, Western societies prioritise the individual’s right to choose their own partner. Love, mutual respect, and compatibility are considered the cornerstones of a successful marriage.
• Marriage as a partnership of equals – Gender equality is a key value in Western marriages. Both partners are generally expected to contribute equally to the relationship, whether in terms of financial support, household responsibilities, or decision-making. This egalitarian approach is a significant shift from more traditional models, where distinct gender roles were more strictly defined.
• Accepting alternative family structures – Western attitudes toward marriage are increasingly flexible, with growing acceptance of various forms of relationships. This includes cohabitation before marriage, same-sex marriage, and remarriage after divorce. The traditional expectation that marriage is a lifelong commitment has also been challenged, with divorce being more socially accepted as a solution to unhappy or dysfunctional marriages.

Western attitudes to parenting

• Promoting independence – Western parenting often emphasises the importance of raising children to be independent and self-sufficient. From an early age, children are encouraged to express themselves, make their own decisions, and take responsibility for their actions. 
• Child-centred parenting – Modern Western parenting is also characterised by a child-centred approach, where the needs, interests, and well-being of the child are given significant importance. Parents often strive to create nurturing environments that foster their children’s emotional, intellectual, and social development.
• Equality and shared responsibilities – As with marriage, there is a strong emphasis on gender equality in parenting roles. In many Western families, both parents are expected to share in childcare responsibilities, regardless of whether both parents work outside the home. This is a departure from the traditional model where mothers were primarily responsible for childcare while fathers were the breadwinners.

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Hispanic and Latin American family culture

Everyone under one roof

In Hispanic and Latin countries such as Spain, Portugal, Argentina and Brazil, as well as Italy and other South and Central American countries, the extended family plays a central role, often extending beyond the immediate household to include grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and even close family friends. This close-knit family structure has deep roots in the region’s cultural and historical contexts, where family ties are paramount, and the concept of familial loyalty is highly valued.

Unlike in Western societies, where the nuclear family became the predominant model, Latin families have traditionally maintained a strong emphasis on the extended family. Multigenerational households are common, with several generations living under one roof or in close proximity. This arrangement fosters strong intergenerational bonds and ensures that family members are supported throughout their lives, from childhood through old age.

Attitudes toward marriage and parenting

Although they are slowly becoming more and more Westernised, Hispanic and Latino attitudes toward marriage and parenting are still deeply influenced by cultural traditions, religious beliefs, and societal expectations. While these attitudes have evolved over time, they continue to reflect a strong emphasis on family unity, respect for elders, and clearly defined gender roles.

Latin attitudes to marriage

• Marriage as a social and religious institution – Marriage in Hispanic and Latin countries is often viewed as both a social and religious institution, deeply rooted Catholic heritage. The sacrament of marriage is highly respected, and weddings are significant family events, often involving large celebrations with extended family and friends.
• Emphasis on family unity – Marriage is seen as a partnership that strengthens family unity. It is expected that both partners will work together to maintain harmony within the family, often prioritising the needs of the family over individual desires. This collective approach contrasts with the more individualistic view of marriage in the West.
• Traditional gender roles – While gender roles in Hispanic and Latino marriages are evolving, traditional expectations still persist in many areas. Men are often viewed as the breadwinners, while women are typically responsible for managing the household and raising children. However, as women’s roles in the workforce continue to grow, these dynamics are gradually shifting, with some Latin countries considered to be more progressive than others.

Latin attitudes to parenting

• Respect for authority – Hispanic and Latino parenting is often characterised by a strong emphasis on respect for authority, particularly the authority of parents and elders. Children are taught to show deference to their parents and other adults, reflecting broader cultural values of respect and obedience.

• Collective childcare – In Hispanic and Latino countries, childcare is often a collective effort, with extended family members playing active roles in the upbringing of children. Grandparents, aunts, and uncles frequently contribute to childcare, reinforcing the importance of family support networks.
• Parental sacrifice – There is a strong cultural expectation that parents will make significant sacrifices for the well-being of their children. This often includes financial sacrifices, as well as prioritising children’s needs over personal ambitions. Education is highly valued, with parents striving to provide their children with better opportunities than they had themselves.

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Culture and family in East Asia

Strong discipline rooted in tradition

In East Asia, the concept of family is deeply rooted in Confucian ideals, which emphasise respect for elders, filial piety, and the importance of maintaining harmony within the family unit. The extended family, encompassing multiple generations, has traditionally been the cornerstone of social structure in countries such as China, Japan, Korea, the Philippines and Vietnam.

Historically, extended families often lived together in large households, with grandparents, parents, children, and extended relatives sharing the same space. This multigenerational living arrangement fostered close family bonds and ensured that the elderly were cared for by younger generations.

Although urbanisation and modernisation have led to smaller household sizes in recent decades, the extended family remains a vital part of life in East Asia, with frequent interactions and strong emotional ties continuing to play a central role.

Attitudes toward marriage and parenting

Marriage and parenting in East Asia are shaped by a complex interplay of tradition, modernity, and societal expectations. While these attitudes have evolved, they continue to be influenced by cultural values that prioritise family cohesion, respect for authority, and the fulfilment of social obligations.

East Asian attitudes to marriage

• Marriage as a family obligation – In East Asia, marriage is often viewed as a social obligation, not just between two individuals but between two families. It is seen as a means of continuing the family lineage and fulfilling duties to one’s ancestors. As a result, marriages are sometimes influenced by considerations of family compatibility, social status, and parental approval, rather than purely individual choice.
• Emphasis on harmony and duty – Harmony and duty are central to the concept of marriage in East Asia. Couples are expected to work together to maintain a harmonious household, often placing the needs of the family above personal desires. 
• Evolving gender roles – Traditional gender roles, where men were expected to be the primary breadwinners and women the caregivers, have long been the norm in East Asia. However, these roles are gradually evolving, particularly in urban areas, where more women are pursuing careers and sharing financial responsibilities. Nonetheless, expectations regarding marriage and family roles remain more traditional in rural areas.

East Asian attitudes to parenting

• Filial piety – Filial piety, or respect and care for one’s parents and ancestors, is a fundamental value in East Asian parenting. Children are raised with a strong sense of duty to their parents, which often includes financial support, co-residence, or care in old age. 
• Education and achievement – Education is highly prized in East Asia, and parents often place immense importance on their children’s academic success. This emphasis on education is seen as a way to secure a prosperous future and bring honour to the family. 
• Parental authority – Parenting in East Asia typically involves a hierarchical structure, where parents have clear authority over their children. Respect for this authority is a key expectation, and children are often raised with a strong sense of discipline and obedience. This approach is rooted in Confucian values, which stress the importance of social order and respect for elders.

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Family traditions in South Asia

Honour above all

In South Asia, the concept of family is deeply intertwined with cultural and religious values that emphasise respect for elders, the importance of kinship, and the collective well-being of the family unit. The extended family, which includes multiple generations living under one roof, has long been the foundation of social structure in countries such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal.

Traditionally, large joint families – where grandparents, parents, children, and other relatives live together – are common. This arrangement fosters strong familial bonds and ensures that the elderly are supported by younger generations.

While urbanisation and modern lifestyles have led to the emergence of nuclear families, the extended family continues to play a pivotal role in South Asian life, with frequent gatherings and close-knit relationships remaining central.

Attitudes towards marriage and parenting

Marriage and parenting in South Asia are shaped by a blend of traditional values and religious beliefs. Although these attitudes are evolving, they continue to be heavily influenced by cultural norms that prioritise family honour, social cohesion, and adherence to established customs.

South Asian attitudes to marriage

• Marriage as a social contract – In South Asia, marriage is often viewed as a vital social institution that extends beyond the union of two individuals. It is considered a bond between two families, with significant emphasis placed on compatibility, social status, and religious considerations. Arranged marriages, where families play a central role in selecting a suitable partner, remain common, though love marriages are gradually gaining acceptance, particularly in urban areas.
• The role of family honour – Family honour is a critical aspect of marriage in South Asia. The actions of individuals, especially women, are often seen as reflections of the family’s reputation. This has traditionally led to a strong emphasis on maintaining social norms and fulfilling familial duties within the marriage.
• Changing gender roles – Traditional gender roles, where men are expected to be the primary breadwinners and women the homemakers, have been deeply ingrained in South Asian society. However, these roles are gradually evolving as more women pursue education and careers, particularly in urban areas. Nevertheless, traditional expectations regarding marriage and family responsibilities often remain more pronounced in rural areas.

South Asian attitudes to parenting

• Respect for elders – Respect for elders is a cornerstone of parenting in South Asia. Children are taught from a young age to honour and obey their parents and other senior family members. This respect is deeply rooted in cultural and religious traditions, which emphasise the importance of caring for one’s parents in their old age.
• Education as a means of advancement – Education is highly valued in South Asian families, often seen as the key to social mobility and success. Parents place great importance on their children’s academic achievements, viewing education as a way to secure a prosperous future and bring pride to the family. 
• Parental authority and discipline – Parenting in South Asia often involves a hierarchical structure, where parents hold significant authority over their children. Discipline and obedience are core values, and children are typically raised with a strong sense of duty and responsibility.

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Family culture in the Middle East

Tradition, patriarchy and honour

Across predominantly Islamic and Middle Eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Iran, Lebanon, and Jordan, the family is not just a social unit but the very essence of life, deeply intertwined with the Middle East’s rich cultural heritage and Islamic traditions.

Unlike in many other parts of the world, where individualism is increasingly prominent, the Middle East remains steadfastly focused on the collective well-being of the family, which is seen as the foundation of both personal identity and social stability. 

The importance of family is evident in daily interactions, where loyalty, respect, and a deep sense of duty to one’s relatives takes priority. Although urbanisation has led to slow changes in family structures, with a rise in nuclear families in some urban areas, the extended family continues to play a central role.

Family gatherings, frequent visits, and close-knit relationships are not just customs but essential elements of life that help maintain the social fabric and ensure the continuity of traditions across generations.

Attitudes towards marriage and parenting

Culture in the Middle East continues to be guided by a strong emphasis on family honour, religious adherence, and the fulfilment of social roles. Let’s take a closer look at how these values shape attitudes to marriage and parenting in the Middle East.

Middle Eastern attitudes to marriage

• Marriage as a family alliance – In the Middle East, marriage is often viewed as a strategic alliance between two families. The selection of a spouse is influenced by considerations such as family background, social status, and religious compatibility. Arranged marriages, where family members play a significant role in the decision-making process, remain prevalent, although love marriages are becoming more common in some urban areas.

• The importance of family honour – Family honour is a paramount concern in Middle Eastern societies, particularly in relation to marriage. The actions and reputation of family members, especially women, are closely linked to the honour of the entire family. As a result, marriages are often approached with a sense of duty to uphold family values, with significant emphasis placed on fulfilling traditional roles.
• Evolving gender roles – Traditional gender roles, where men are expected to be the providers and women the homemakers, have long been entrenched in Middle Eastern culture. While women are beginning to enter the workforce and so shift these expectations in some urban areas, traditional expectations regarding marriage and family responsibilities remain influential, particularly in more conservative or rural areas.

Middle Eastern attitudes to parenting

• Respect and obedience – Respect for elders and obedience to parents are fundamental values in Middle Eastern parenting. Children are taught to honour their parents and other senior family members, with a strong emphasis on maintaining family harmony and fulfilling their duties as part of the family unit.

• Religious upbringing – Religion plays a significant role in parenting across the Middle East. Parents are deeply involved in instilling religious values and practices in their children. This includes regular participation in religious rituals, adherence to dietary laws, and the observance of religious holidays, all of which are seen as essential to maintaining cultural and spiritual identity.
• Parental authority and discipline – Parenting in the Middle East is characterised by a hierarchical structure, where parents hold clear authority over their children. Discipline, respect, and obedience are key expectations, with children being raised to understand their roles within the family and the broader society. This approach is deeply rooted in cultural and religious values that emphasise social order and respect for authority.

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Family culture and traditions in Africa

It takes a village to raise a child

Traditional family structures in Africa are often centred around extended families, which include grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and sometimes even more distant relatives. These extended families form the foundation of social organisation and are deeply intertwined with cultural practices, beliefs, and community life. 

In many African societies, the family operates as a collective unit, where roles and responsibilities are shared among its members. Elders hold significant authority and are highly respected for their wisdom and experience. They often play a key role in making important decisions, resolving conflicts, and passing down cultural traditions and values. Children meanwhile are considered a blessing and are raised collectively by the extended family, ensuring they are well-integrated into the community and its traditions.

Attitudes towards marriage and parenting

African family culture is guided by a strong emphasis on communal values, respect for traditions, and the fulfilment of societal roles. Here’s a closer look at how these principles influence attitudes towards marriage and parenting across the continent.

African attitudes to marriage

• Marriage as a communal event – In Africa, marriage is often viewed as a significant communal event rather than merely a union between two individuals. A marriage involves considerations including social status, lineage, and cultural compatibility, and arranged marriages, where families play a crucial role in selecting a partner, are still common. Many African cultures also practise the tradition of paying a bride price or dowry. This is a symbolic gesture showing respect to the bride’s family and is seen as a way of formalising the marriage.
• Polygamy – While less common today, polygamy has traditionally been practised in some African societies, where men could have multiple wives. This practice is often associated with social status and the ability to care for a large family.
• Shifting gender roles – Traditional gender roles in Africa, where men are typically seen as providers and women as caretakers, have been prevalent for generations. However, these roles are evolving, particularly in urban settings where more women are pursuing careers and gaining education.

African attitudes to parenting

• Collective childcare – In many African cultures, parenting is viewed as a collective responsibility rather than the sole duty of the biological parents. This communal approach ensures that children are well cared for and socialised into the community’s values and traditions. It also strengthens familial bonds and provides a broad support network, which is particularly important in times of hardship or when parents are unable to fulfil their roles.
• Respect and discipline – Children are taught from a young age to honour and obey not only their parents but all elders in the community. Discipline is considered essential for instilling good behaviour and moral values. While methods of discipline vary across different cultures, the underlying principle is that discipline is a form of love and care, intended to guide children towards becoming responsible and respectful adults. In many societies, storytelling and proverbs are also used as tools for teaching life lessons and reinforcing cultural norms.
• Education and life skills – Traditional African parenting places a strong emphasis on both formal education and the teaching of practical life skills. While academic achievement is valued, there is also a significant focus on learning skills that are essential for daily life, such as farming, cooking, and other crafts, depending on the community’s way of life. Education is often seen as a collective effort, with the community supporting children’s learning and development both in and out of school.

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Another thing you must consider is the impact drinking alcohol can have on your international health insurance policy. When you take out health insurance as an expat, your insurer will ask you how often you drink – this can impact your eligibility for health insurance and the premiums you pay.

In this article, we’ll look at alcohol laws and drinking cultures around the world, and the impact drinking alcohol can have on both your health and your health insurance.

Drinking cultures around the world

All countries have laws around who can drink alcohol, governing the age at which people can purchase alcohol, where it can be drunk, and restrictions around drink driving.

In many countries where alcohol is legal, you can expect to encounter a drinking culture. In countries with a strong drinking culture, there is often a societal expectation on people to drink socially. If you drink, you may find that adapting to a country’s drinking culture can help you make friends and fit in like one of the locals.

Having said that, it’s important to remember that alcohol is detrimental to your health and wellbeing, so you shouldn’t put pressure on yourself to drink if you don’t feel comfortable doing so.

Alcohol around the world

Every country has its own unique laws around alcohol, dictating such things as:

• Who can drink alcohol
• Where alcohol can be drunk
• Who can sell alcohol
• How old a person must be when purchasing or consuming alcohol
• Whether a person is allowed to be intoxicated in public
• Restrictions on the things you can do while intoxicated, such as driving a vehicle

Where alcohol is legal and socially acceptable, many countries have developed their own drinking cultures. A drinking culture is often measured by how many people within the population drink alcohol, the frequency they drink, and the amount they tend to consume when drinking.

Understanding and indeed taking part in a country’s drinking culture is a big part of adjusting to life as an expat, and is often cited as a cause of culture shock, but is by no means a necessity.

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Health effects of alcohol consumption

Worldwide, there are around 2.3 billion regular alcohol drinkers, representing about 29% of the global population. The average daily intake among drinkers is around 3.8 units of alcohol per day, roughly equivalent to two 150ml glasses of wine, 750ml of beer or two 40ml measures of spirits. More than half of global alcohol users are in Europe, the Americas and the Pacific region, and the number of global drinkers is expected to increase in the next 10 years.

The most recent research has suggested that drinking any amount of alcohol is bad for one’s health. The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified alcohol as a Group One carcinogen, which means it can be directly attributed to the development of cancer – and the more alcohol a person consumes, the higher their risk of developing cancer. 

Alcohol raises the risk of developing several forms of cancer, including:

• Mouth and throat cancers
• Voice box (larynx) cancer
• Oesophagus cancer
• Colo-rectal cancers
• Liver cancer
• Breast cancer

It may also increase the likelihood of developing stomach, pancreatic and prostate cancer.

Every year, around three million preventable deaths are caused by alcohol consumption, representing 5.3% of all deaths in the world. These figures are much higher among 20–39 year olds, with 13.5% of all deaths in this age group attributed to alcohol. Furthermore, 5.1% of all diseases treated every year are linked in some way to alcohol consumption.

Alcohol is also classed as an addictive substance. Around 237 million men and 46 million women worldwide struggle with some form of alcohol dependency, with the majority of these people in Europe and the Americas.

The benefits of not drinking

Alcohol is linked to a wide range of both short-term and long-term health complications. Abstaining from alcohol can therefore not only improve your long-term health prospects, it can produce immediate improvements to your general health and wellbeing.

It is advised to only drink in moderation, and never to excess. The benefits of abstaining from alcohol may include:

1/ Improved mood

Alcohol is a dependency-forming depressant that can form long-term changes in mood, including mood swings and depression. After giving up alcohol, you may discover your mood becomes more consistent and that you feel generally happier.

2/ Better sleep

Alcohol affects the quality of your sleep by disrupting sleep patterns, causing you to feel chronically sleep-deprived. After giving up alcohol, drinkers often experience a ‘rebound period’ where their sleep becomes noticeably much better. You could even experience up to six additional REM cycles per night.

3/ Weight loss

Staying fit is hard enough as it is, but alcoholic drinks are known to be high in calories. This makes them a common cause of weight gain and obesity. For instance, one pint of beer contains around 208 calories. Giving up alcohol means eliminating these calories from your diet, helping you to stay in control of your weight.

4/ Better hydration

Alcohol is a diuretic, meaning it causes the body to lose fluids and become dehydrated. Excessive drinking can cause a loss of bodily fluids and salts, which can lead to a variety of health complications. After giving up alcohol, you will find it much easier to control your bodily hydration, which will help to prevent the effects of dehydration.

5/ More money

The final reason to think about giving up alcohol is the effect it has on your personal finances. The cost of drinking alcohol can stack up over your life, leading to a loss of savings and pressure on your personal finances. After giving up alcohol, you will notice that you suddenly have much more money to spend on other, more important things!

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Drinking cultures around the world

The amount of alcohol people drink and the way they tend to consume alcohol often depends on the local laws, customs and culture of their countries. Where alcohol is legal and socially acceptable, you will often find a strong drinking culture in some parts of society.

Drinking cultures tend to be deeply rooted in various societies and reflect social and historical customs. Many countries are famous for their drinking cultures, while others are the exact opposite – either banning alcohol entirely, or looking down on it socially.

Here are some of the more widely-known drinking cultures:

United Kingdom and Ireland

Legal drinking age: 18 (16 in some circumstances)
Percentage of adult population who drink: 82%

The United Kingdom and Ireland have a long association with alcohol, where drinking mainly happens inside pubs (short for ‘public houses’, these are common establishments in British and Irish towns and cities where people go to eat and drink).

The UK and Ireland are collectively known for a culture of ‘binge drinking’ – in comparison to other countries where people drink moderate amounts of alcohol regularly, British and Irish people are famed (accurately or not) for preferring to drink large quantities of alcohol in one go (albeit less frequently) and with the express intention of getting drunk.

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Japan

Legal drinking age: 20
Percentage of adult population who drink: 93%

It is often said that Japanese culture revolves around the workplace, and the same is true for Japan’s drinking culture. Social drinking is common in Japan, especially in the form of nomikai – the practice of going to after-work drinking parties with one’s colleagues.

Attending these drinking sessions is often seen as an essential part of working life and a way for employees to communicate with each other and their superiors. Indeed, the word nomikai derives from the word for ‘communication’.

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Australia

Legal drinking age: 18
Percentage of adult population who drink: 76%

Drinking is considered a big part of everyday life in Australia. As a former British colony, Australia like the UK has many pubs, and has also inherited their culture of binge drinking. But Australia has also emerged as one of the world’s most popular wine-producing countries, and as such Australians drink more wine per capita than beer.

It is often expected that a wide choice of beers and wines will be served alongside meals in Australia, while in major cities young people tend to flock to rooftop bars for after-work drinks.

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Germany

Legal drinking age: 16 for beer and wine, 18 for spirits
Percentage of adult population who drink: 84%

Germany has a strong drinking culture best reflected in its national Volksfest, and particularly d’Wiesn (Oktoberfest) – a month-long beer festival and carnival held in Munich, Bavaria.

Throughout Germany, you will stumble across many beer halls and pubs, while in the capital Berlin you can expect to find people drinking outside Spätis, convenience stores licensed to sell alcohol. That’s saying nothing of Germany’s world-famous nightlife, where alcohol is widely sold.

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France

Legal drinking age: 18
Percentage of adult population who drink: 88%

The French are well-known for enjoying a glass of wine with their meals. Indeed, a popular stereotype is that the French drink wine every day – and there may be some truth in this, since around 11% of French people claim to drink “every, or almost every day” (although it should be noted the rate of daily drinkers is declining in France.)

From the cafés of Paris to the wine bars of Bordeaux and the cideries of Normandy, you can expect to find the French enjoying their favourite victuals late into most evenings.

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United States

Legal drinking age: 21
Percentage of adult population who drink: 67%

The United States has a complicated history with drinking, having made alcohol illegal during the period 1920–1933. As a diverse country, America also takes a diverse approach to drinking, with many Americans drinking moderately or not at all.

Those who do like to drink do so in bars, saloons and clubs, while it is also common to find people drinking at social and leisure events: ‘Tailgating’ is an American tradition where people drink alcohol in the car park before a game of American football, and the popular drinking game ‘beer pong’ originates from American college dorms.

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China

Legal drinking age: 18
Percentage of adult population who drink: 41%

Alcohol in China is more than just something to take the edge off – it’s a core part of the Chinese Han philosophy. Concepts of politeness, virtue and moderation in China are derived from alcohol drinking.

To this day, drinkers are expected to toast their fellows in order of social status, to clink their own glasses lower than the other person’s to show politeness, and never to drink to excess. There is an old Chinese saying that goes: “Get drunk, and you can be polite, but don’t overdo it, or you will hurt your virtue.”

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Countries where drinking is not common

On the other hand, there are many countries where drinking is not part of the local culture.

This could be because alcohol is illegal, socially frowned-upon or because the local culture does not have a strong history of drinking.

As an expat living in these countries, you may encounter discrimination or come into trouble with law enforcement if you engage in alcohol consumption. It is important to understand and comply with local laws and customs.

Countries where alcohol is illegal

Alcohol is either outright illegal or partially restricted in all or part of these countries:

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Drinking and driving

Driving while under the influence of alcohol is legally enforceable or illegal altogether in most countries worldwide.

Some countries have a (typically very low) tolerance for the quantity of alcohol that can be detected in a driver’s breath, blood or urine, while others take a zero-tolerance approach to drinking and driving.

Different laws may also apply depending on the type of vehicle you are driving, for instance if you are driving a heavy goods vehicle or motorcycle.

It is worth mentioning that, in many cases, drinking alcohol before operating a motor vehicle will invalidate your insurance. So, if you have an accident while driving under the influence of alcohol, you may not be covered by your vehicle, health or life insurance policy.

Countries where it is completely illegal to drink and drive

In the following countries, having any amount of alcohol in your breath or bloodstream while driving a motor vehicle is illegal:

Safety is one of the most important factors for expats

Where are the safest countries in the world?

How does alcohol consumption affect your health insurance policy?

When you apply for a new international health insurance policy, your insurer may ask you how much alcohol you consume on a regular (weekly) basis. This is part of a process called underwriting, in which your health insurer looks at your general state of health and assesses your risk. This risk determines whether the insurer is able to provide insurance, and how to calculate your premiums.

While it is unlikely the insurer deny your application for health insurance on the basis of your alcohol consumption, there are still a few things you should be aware of:

1/ Your alcohol consumption may be considered alongside pre-existing conditions

If you are generally healthy and drink moderately, your health insurer will probably not be too concerned about your alcohol consumption.

But if you have a known history of alcohol issues, and you drink more than the recommended average, the insurer may consider these two things in tandem. The combination of a high alcohol intake and pre-existing conditions may lead to you being denied health insurance.

For instance, if you have a history of cardiovascular problems, this alone may not exclude you from taking out health insurance. However, if you have cardiovascular issues and you tend to drink excessively, the insurer may be inclined to believe the two issues are related, and consider your risk profile to be too high to insure.

2/ You will not be covered for alcohol dependency issues

Many insurers don’t cover that alcohol dependency issues. This means, if you develop alcohol issues during the term of your policy, you may not be able to claim for the cost of treatment.

While going through the underwriting process, the insurer may investigate your risk of developing an alcohol dependency problem. If the insurer suspects you are at risk of developing a dependency, or already experiencing one, this may impact their decision to provide you with health insurance.

3/ Your claim may be denied if you drink excessively

If, while under the influence of alcohol, you sustain an injury that is the direct cause of your alcohol consumption, your insurer may decline to pay your claim for medical treatment.

4/ You may not be covered for long-term conditions that arise from alcohol consumption

If, during the cause of your policy, you develop an illness or condition that is directly or indirectly attributable to your alcohol consumption, your insurer may not pay your claims for medical treatment for that illness or condition. 

For instance, if you develop a liver disorder that your doctor links to your alcohol consumption; or, if you develop a neurological disorder which your doctor says has been partially caused by your drinking.

Choose international health insurance with William Russell

Starting a new life as an expat? Make sure you’ve taken out international health insurance.

At William Russell, we have over 30 years’ experience helping expats like you to get the best deal on their health insurance when moving to a new country. Our policies give you access to an extensive network of over 40,000 medical facilities worldwide, meaning you’ll always have access to the best quality medical care.

Get an online quote today and start your new life abroad with total peace of mind.

The post Drinking Cultures Around The World (And How Alcohol Affects Your Health Insurance) appeared first on William Russell.